Introduction
Introduction
Themes
Research trends
New Cambridge History
Conferences
Journals
Glossary
History
Indo-European background
The Germanic languages
Roman Britain
The Germanic invasions
Christianisation
The Scandinavian invasions
The Norman invasion
The Protestant Reformation
Chronological summary
The Celtic languages
Other languages
Periods
Old English
Contact and Old English
Middle English
Early Modern English
Late Modern English
Standardisation
Levels
Phonology
Grammar
Vocabulary
General
Latin borrowings
Scandinavian borrowings
French borrowings
Lexicography
Pragmatics
Language change
Nature of change
Contact and change
Analogy
Predicting change?
References
Examples
Phonological change
Morphological change
Lexical change
Syntactic change
Semantic change
Analysis
Techniques
Reconstruction
Relative chronology
Transmission
Remnants
Models
Neogrammarianism
Structuralism
Functionalism
Generativism
Grammaticalisation
Construction grammar
Lexicalisation
Dialects
General
Dialect contact
Writing
Sources
Kinds of writing
Old English literature
Middle English literature
Early Modern literature
Shakespeare’s language
Selections of texts
Timelines
Indo-European background
English in England
English overseas
English monarchs
Gallery
Old English
Middle English
Early Modern English
Researchers and writers
Portraits of figures
Images amd maps
Runes, Inscriptions
Manuscripts
Printing
Old English
Middle English
Early Modern English
Early colonies
References and reviews
Reference guide
History review
Levels of language
Phonetics and phonology
Phonetics introduction
Morphology and syntax
Semantics and pragmatics
End matter
Technical help
About this website
Last update: Julyne 2026
