Language Use and Attitudes in Ireland

Language Use and Attitudes in Ireland: Questionnaire

Information on respondents
Attitudes to Irish
Knowledge about language in Ireland
Continuity of Irish
Public position of Irish
Attitudes without knowledge of Irish
Knowledge about and attitudes to English in Ireland
Acceptability of non-standard sentences

Revised form of questionnaire

Ulster Scots - Questionnaire
Ulster Scots - Statistics

A Survey of Irish English Usage

The survey Language Use and Attitudes in Ireland was carried out by Raymond Hickey between 2006 and 2009. The idea was to take stock of language attitudes to both English and Irish among Irish people and was intended as a follow-up to A Survey of Irish English Usage. In addition the use of Irish was monitored in the survey. In all, some 1086 questionnaires were collected as well as 246 questionnaires for Ulster Scots.

An analysis of the first 613 questionnaires can be found in the following item: Hickey, Raymond. ‘Language Use and Attitudes in Ireland. A preliminary evaluation of survey results’, in: Sochtheangeolaíocht na Gaeilge (ed. Brian Ó Catháin), Léachtaí Cholm Cille (39), 2009, 62-89.

Scanned pages of Questionnaire

Scanned pages of revised form of Questionnaire

Information on respondents

Question Possible answers

1) Home county Name of county

2) Gender male / female

3) Age group under 25 / 25- 50 / over 50

Attitudes to Irish

4) What is your native language? (a) English
(b) Irish
(c) both English and Irish

5) If Irish, why? (a) I speak it every day
(b) I read it but don’t speak it
(c) By and large, I can understand it

6) I think the Irish language is central to Irish culture and history (a) yes
(b) not really
(c) no

7) Encircle Irish areas on map (blank map of Ireland presented on questionnaire). The question read “Please encircle the areas where you think Irish is still spoken as an everyday language.” A tick box “ ( ) I don’t know” was also provided. (a) fully accurate
(b) very accurate
(c) fairly accurate
(d) not accurate
(e) no answer (did not know)

Criteria for determining degree of accuracy

‘fully accurate’ more than three areas with correct positions in counties were identified

‘very accurate’ is where all three major areas were identified recognised in the right positions in their respective counties

‘fairly accurate’ at least three areas identified but not in correct position in all counties

‘not accurate’ less than three areas were identified

Knowledge about language in Ireland

8) What is Ulster Scots ? (a) a separate language
(b) a dialect of English
(c) I don’t know

9) Where is Ulster Scots spoken? (a) Scotland
(b) Northern Ireland
(c) Ireland, north & south

10) How many main dialects of Irish are there? (a) number (1 to ?)

11) Do some people use Irish as an everyday language in Dublin, Belfast (a) Dublin
(b) Belfast
(c) Dublin and Belfast

12) Before the Great Famine (1845-8) how many people do you think were native speakers of Irish? (a) under 10%
(b) 10-30%
(c) 30-50% (d) over 50%

13) By the 1960s how many people do you think were still native speakers of Irish? (a) under 10%
(b) 10-30%
(c) 30-50%
(d) over 50%

14) How many native speakers of Irish do you think there are today (roughly)? (a) about 500,000
(b) about 100,000
(c) about 50,000
(d) other: __________
(e) I don’t know

The following explanation of the term “native speaker” was offered after the last question (at the end of Page 1): “By native speakers of Irish are meant those people who were reared with Irish and who use it as their everyday means of communication.”

Continuity of Irish

15) Do you think that Irish will survive through the 21st century? (a) yes
(b) no

16) If it does NOT, is this a cause for (a) considerable concern
(b) reasonable concern
(c) mild concern
(d) no concern

16) Who was your most recent ancestor who was a native speaker of Irish? (e.g. great-great-grandfather) (a) __________
(b) I don’t know

Public position of Irish

17) Is it right that Irish is still compulsory in schools? (a) yes
(b) no

18) Can you name any major writer in the Irish language? (a) __________
(b) I don’t know

19) Can you name any major work of literature in Irish? (a) __________
(b) I don’t know

20) Is it necessary for Irish universities to have departments of Irish? (a) yes
(b) not really
(c) no

21) Is it necessary for Irish to be an official language of the EU? (a) yes
(b) not really
(c) no

22) Is Irish sufficiently represented in public life today? (a) yes
(b) not really
(c) no

Attitudes without knowledge of Irish

23) If you don’t speak Irish, do you nonetheless listen to Irish music and like things Irish, e.g. clothes, food, drink? (a) yes
(b) no

24) When you talk to foreigners, would you tell them about the Irish language? (a) yes
(b) no

25) Do you speak any foreign languages? (a) French
(b) Spanish
(c) German
(d) other: __________

Knowledge about and attitudes to English in Ireland

26) When was the English language first brought to Ireland? (a) before 1200
(b) before 1400
(c) before 1600
(d) before 1800

27) How would you rate speakers of Irish English with the following accents?

1) strong local accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

2) reasonable local accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

3) slight local accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

4) not recognisably Irish by accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

28) Is it acceptable for Irish people to speak with a recognisably English accent? (a) yes
(b) no

29) Do you think Irish English has a separate identity today? (a) yes
(b) no

30) If so, do you think this will survive in an increasingly globalised world? (a) yes
(b) no

31) Do you think you pronounce English differently from your parents? (a) yes
(b) no

32) If so, can you mention one aspect: (a) _____________
(b) I don’t know

33) Do you know any term used by the Irish for the English language in Ireland? (a) _____________
(b) I don’t know

34) Do you know any term used by outsiders, e.g. the British, for the English language in Ireland? (a) _____________
(b) I don’t know

Acceptability of non-standard sentences

Tick any of the following sentences which you feel you might NOT use when writing English:

Fiona has her essay finished now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona knows Kevin for five years now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona is after winning an important prize.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona and Kevin do be worrying about the cost of living in Dublin.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

There’s many foreign students studying here now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said Kevin could have went there if he wanted to.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said she seen Kevin yesterday.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona done enough work for school, I think.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona and Kevin are finished college now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona was allowed do extra hours at school.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona is taking her exams in the spring.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Marie’s French is perfect so she mustn’t be Irish.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

The teacher used make the children stay in after school.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

‘Don’t be working too hard!’, her mother said.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Everyone didn’t want to go to the pictures.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

I’ll not wait for her any longer.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona never did her homework last week.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

It’s before next summer she’s changing her job.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona went for a walk and it raining heavily.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona asked Kevin was he interested in the book.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Kevin broke Fiona’s computer on her.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona usen’t to go swimming in the sea.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said the test was real difficult. (a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Revised form of questionnaire

For the second stage of data collection, a slightly revised form of the original questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was shortened somewhat by removing some of the questions about English, specifically about the Acceptability of non-standard sentences. This information was collected from the 600+ respondents in the first stage. It is also available for over 1,100 respondents in A Survey of Irish English Usage which the author carried out a few years ago. In the section of the questionnaire on Irish a few minor changes were made. The question on Ulster Scots was removed, this had been answered in the returns from the first stage and more fully in the 246 returns in the specific Ulster Scots survey carried out by the author in Northern Ireland. Three questions on Irish were added: two on Gaelscoileanna (Irish-medium schools) and one on knowledge of Irish with respondents.

Scanned pages of revised form of Questionnaire

Questionnaire for Ulster Scots

Question	Possible answers
1) Home county	Name of county
2) Gender	male / female
3) Age group	under 25 / 25- 50 / over 50

For this survey it would be very useful to know your ethnic grouping. Please remember that the data of the survey are anonymous and entirely confidential. (a) Protestant
(b) Catholic
(c) Other
(d) None

Do you know if your ancestors were mainly one of the following? (a) Irish
(b) English
(c) Scottish
(d) I don’t know

When was the English language first brought to the island of Ireland? (a) before 1200
(b) before 1400
(c) before 1600
(d) before 1800

When was the English language first brought from Scotland to Ulster? (a) before 1200
(b) before 1500
(c) before 1700

How would you rate speakers of Northern Irish English with the following accents?

1) strong local accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

2) reasonable local accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

3) slight local accent (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

4) not recognisably Northern Irish (a) pleasant
(b) doesn’t matter
(c) not acceptable

Is it acceptable for Northern Irish people to speak with a recognisably English accent? (a) yes
(b) no

Do you think Northern Irish English has a separate identity today? (a) yes
(b) no

If so, do you think this will survive in an increasingly globalised world? (a) yes
(b) no

Do you know any term used by outsiders, e.g. the British, for the English language in Ireland? (a) _____________
(b) I don’t know

7) Encircle Ulster Scots areas on map (blank map of Ireland presented on questionnaire). The question read “Please encircle the areas where you think Ulster Scots is spoken as an everyday language.” A tick box “ ( ) I don’t know” was also provided. (a) fully accurate
(b) very accurate
(c) fairly accurate
(d) not accurate
(e) no answer (did not know)

7) Encircle Irish areas on map (blank map of Ireland presented on questionnaire). The question read “Please encircle the areas where you think Irish is spoken as an everyday language.” A tick box “ ( ) I don’t know” was also provided. (a) fully accurate
(b) very accurate
(c) fairly accurate
(d) not accurate
(e) no answer (did not know)

Criteria for determining degree of accuracy (Ulster Scots)

‘fully accurate’ Ulster Scots areas in Co. Down, Co. Antrim, Co. Derry and Co. Donegal were identified

‘very accurate’ Ulster Scots areas in Co. Down, Co. Antrim and Co. Derry were identified

‘fairly accurate’ Ulster Scots areas in at least two counties were identified

‘not accurate’ only one area or less was identified for Ulster Scots

Criteria for determining degree of accuracy (Irish)

What is Ulster Scots? (a) a separate language
(b) a dialect of English
(c) I don’t know

The term ‘Scotch-Irish‘ refers to which of the following: (a) people in Ireland with combined Irish and Scotch ancestors
(b) people of Ulster descendant in North America
(c) Ulster Scots (an alternative label)

Where is Ulster Scots spoken? (a) Scotland
(b) Northern Ireland
(c) Ireland, north & south
(d) I don’t know

In what northern county of Ireland is the Laggan area? (a) ______________________________
(b) I don’t know

How many people speak Ulster Scots? (a) about 100,000
(b) about 50,000
(c) about 10,000
(d) less than 10,000
(e) I don’t know

Could you recognise someone speaking Ulster Scots? (a) yes
(b) no

If YES, would you recognise that person in particular by (a) pronunciation
(b) vocabulary
(c) both of these features

Can you speak Ulster Scots yourself? (a) yes
(b) no

If YES, is this your normal mode of speech? (a) yes
(b) no

Is Ulster Scots sufficiently represented in public life today? (a) yes
(b) no

Do you think that Ulster Scots will survive through the 21st century? (a) yes
(b) no

If it does NOT, is this a cause for (a) considerable concern
(b) reasonable concern
(c) mild concern
(d) no concern

There are groups of Ulster Scots overseas due to immigration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (diaspora). Can you name any three countries where these can be found? (1) ____________________
(2) ____________________
(3) ____________________

Tick any of the following sentences which you feel you might NOT use when writing English:

Fiona has her essay finished now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona knows Kevin for five years now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona is after winning an important prize.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona and Kevin bees worrying about the cost of living in Belfast.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

There’s many foreign students studying here now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said Kevin could have went there if he wanted to.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said she seen Kevin yesterday.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona done enough work for school, I think.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona and Kevin are finished college now.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona was allowed do extra hours at school.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona is taking her exams in the spring.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Marie’s French is perfect so she mustn’t be Irish.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

The teacher used make the children stay in after school.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

‘Don’t be working too hard!’, her mother said.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Everyone didn’t want to go to the pictures.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

I’ll not wait for her any longer.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona never did her homework last week.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

It’s before next summer she’s changing her job.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona went for a walk and it raining heavily.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona asked Kevin was he interested in the book.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Kevin broke Fiona’s computer on her.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona usen’t to go swimming in the sea.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said her hair needs washed.
(a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Fiona said the test was real difficult. (a) ticked
(b) not ticked

Statistics for Ulster Scots

A Survey of Irish English Usage

This survey consisted of a questionnaire with some 57 sample sentences, each of which contained a structure which is known to occur in some form of Irish English. Informants were asked to give their reaction to each sentence as it might be used in casual speech among friends. The questionnaire was only done in groups of two or more as informants tended to be much less prescriptive in groups than as individuals.

Scanned pages of questionnaire

Approximately 80% of returned questionnaires (see above link) were actually used. There are over 1,000 questionnaires which were acceptable. The criterion for acceptance was the following: each questionnaire must have all three categories used, e.g. any informant who ticked ‘no problem’ for all sentences was ignored as well as anyone who said that all sentences were ‘a bit strange’ or ‘unacceptable’ as this showed a lack of discrimination on the part of the individual in question. The spread among categories must have been at least 10%. Naturally, all sentences must have been evaluated and the questionnaires of those informants who inserted prescriptive comments were ignored. The headings of the questionnaire, indicating its structure, were not included in the version given to informants.

A Survey of Irish English Usage is available on the DVD accompanying the book A Sound Atlas of Irish English (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) by the present author and includes software with which one can examine the set of returned questionnaires (all of which have been entered into databases and are hence available in electronic form). One can examine, for instance, the distribution of acceptance of structures over counties, age and/or gender. Charts can be generated showing this relative acceptance in different parts of Ireland.

The information gathered from from the questionnaires of A Survey of Irish English Usage was used in the analysis of Irish English grammar given in the following monograph: Raymond Hickey Irish English. Its history and present-day forms. (Cambridge: University Press, 2007), xx and 504 pages.

4) What is your native language?	(a) English (b) Irish (c) both English and Irish
5) If Irish, why?	(a) I speak it every day (b) I read it but don’t speak it (c) By and large, I can understand it
6) I think the Irish language is central to Irish culture and history	(a) yes (b) not really (c) no
7) Encircle Irish areas on map (blank map of Ireland presented on questionnaire). The question read “Please encircle the areas where you think Irish is still spoken as an everyday language.” A tick box “ ( ) I don’t know” was also provided.	(a) fully accurate (b) very accurate (c) fairly accurate (d) not accurate (e) no answer (did not know)

‘fully accurate’	more than three areas with correct positions in counties were identified
‘very accurate’	is where all three major areas were identified recognised in the right positions in their respective counties
‘fairly accurate’	at least three areas identified but not in correct position in all counties
‘not accurate’	less than three areas were identified

8) What is Ulster Scots ?	(a) a separate language (b) a dialect of English (c) I don’t know
9) Where is Ulster Scots spoken?	(a) Scotland (b) Northern Ireland (c) Ireland, north & south
10) How many main dialects of Irish are there?	(a) number (1 to ?)
11) Do some people use Irish as an everyday language in Dublin, Belfast	(a) Dublin (b) Belfast (c) Dublin and Belfast
12) Before the Great Famine (1845-8) how many people do you think were native speakers of Irish?	(a) under 10% (b) 10-30% (c) 30-50% (d) over 50%
13) By the 1960s how many people do you think were still native speakers of Irish?	(a) under 10% (b) 10-30% (c) 30-50% (d) over 50%
14) How many native speakers of Irish do you think there are today (roughly)?	(a) about 500,000 (b) about 100,000 (c) about 50,000 (d) other: __________ (e) I don’t know

15) Do you think that Irish will survive through the 21st century?	(a) yes (b) no
16) If it does NOT, is this a cause for	(a) considerable concern (b) reasonable concern (c) mild concern (d) no concern
16) Who was your most recent ancestor who was a native speaker of Irish? (e.g. great-great-grandfather)	(a) __________ (b) I don’t know

17) Is it right that Irish is still compulsory in schools?	(a) yes (b) no
18) Can you name any major writer in the Irish language?	(a) __________ (b) I don’t know
19) Can you name any major work of literature in Irish?	(a) __________ (b) I don’t know
20) Is it necessary for Irish universities to have departments of Irish?	(a) yes (b) not really (c) no
21) Is it necessary for Irish to be an official language of the EU?	(a) yes (b) not really (c) no
22) Is Irish sufficiently represented in public life today?	(a) yes (b) not really (c) no

23) If you don’t speak Irish, do you nonetheless listen to Irish music and like things Irish, e.g. clothes, food, drink?	(a) yes (b) no
24) When you talk to foreigners, would you tell them about the Irish language?	(a) yes (b) no
25) Do you speak any foreign languages?	(a) French (b) Spanish (c) German (d) other: __________

26) When was the English language first brought to Ireland?	(a) before 1200 (b) before 1400 (c) before 1600 (d) before 1800
27) How would you rate speakers of Irish English with the following accents?
1) strong local accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
2) reasonable local accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
3) slight local accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
4) not recognisably Irish by accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
28) Is it acceptable for Irish people to speak with a recognisably English accent?	(a) yes (b) no
29) Do you think Irish English has a separate identity today?	(a) yes (b) no
30) If so, do you think this will survive in an increasingly globalised world?	(a) yes (b) no
31) Do you think you pronounce English differently from your parents?	(a) yes (b) no
32) If so, can you mention one aspect:	(a) _____________ (b) I don’t know
33) Do you know any term used by the Irish for the English language in Ireland?	(a) _____________ (b) I don’t know
34) Do you know any term used by outsiders, e.g. the British, for the English language in Ireland?	(a) _____________ (b) I don’t know

Fiona has her essay finished now.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona knows Kevin for five years now.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona is after winning an important prize.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona and Kevin do be worrying about the cost of living in Dublin.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
There’s many foreign students studying here now.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona said Kevin could have went there if he wanted to.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona said she seen Kevin yesterday.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona done enough work for school, I think.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona and Kevin are finished college now.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona was allowed do extra hours at school.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona is taking her exams in the spring.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Marie’s French is perfect so she mustn’t be Irish.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
The teacher used make the children stay in after school.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
‘Don’t be working too hard!’, her mother said.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Everyone didn’t want to go to the pictures.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
I’ll not wait for her any longer.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona never did her homework last week.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
It’s before next summer she’s changing her job.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona went for a walk and it raining heavily.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona asked Kevin was he interested in the book.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Kevin broke Fiona’s computer on her.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona usen’t to go swimming in the sea.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked
Fiona said the test was real difficult.	(a) ticked (b) not ticked

For this survey it would be very useful to know your ethnic grouping. Please remember that the data of the survey are anonymous and entirely confidential.	(a) Protestant (b) Catholic (c) Other (d) None
Do you know if your ancestors were mainly one of the following?	(a) Irish (b) English (c) Scottish (d) I don’t know
When was the English language first brought to the island of Ireland?	(a) before 1200 (b) before 1400 (c) before 1600 (d) before 1800
When was the English language first brought from Scotland to Ulster?	(a) before 1200 (b) before 1500 (c) before 1700
How would you rate speakers of Northern Irish English with the following accents?
1) strong local accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
2) reasonable local accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
3) slight local accent	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
4) not recognisably Northern Irish	(a) pleasant (b) doesn’t matter (c) not acceptable
Is it acceptable for Northern Irish people to speak with a recognisably English accent?	(a) yes (b) no
Do you think Northern Irish English has a separate identity today?	(a) yes (b) no
If so, do you think this will survive in an increasingly globalised world?	(a) yes (b) no
Do you know any term used by outsiders, e.g. the British, for the English language in Ireland?	(a) _____________ (b) I don’t know
7) Encircle Ulster Scots areas on map (blank map of Ireland presented on questionnaire). The question read “Please encircle the areas where you think Ulster Scots is spoken as an everyday language.” A tick box “ ( ) I don’t know” was also provided.	(a) fully accurate (b) very accurate (c) fairly accurate (d) not accurate (e) no answer (did not know)
7) Encircle Irish areas on map (blank map of Ireland presented on questionnaire). The question read “Please encircle the areas where you think Irish is spoken as an everyday language.” A tick box “ ( ) I don’t know” was also provided.	(a) fully accurate (b) very accurate (c) fairly accurate (d) not accurate (e) no answer (did not know)

‘fully accurate’	Ulster Scots areas in Co. Down, Co. Antrim, Co. Derry and Co. Donegal were identified
‘very accurate’	Ulster Scots areas in Co. Down, Co. Antrim and Co. Derry were identified
‘fairly accurate’	Ulster Scots areas in at least two counties were identified
‘not accurate’	only one area or less was identified for Ulster Scots

What is Ulster Scots?	(a) a separate language (b) a dialect of English (c) I don’t know
The term ‘Scotch-Irish‘ refers to which of the following:	(a) people in Ireland with combined Irish and Scotch ancestors (b) people of Ulster descendant in North America (c) Ulster Scots (an alternative label)
Where is Ulster Scots spoken?	(a) Scotland (b) Northern Ireland (c) Ireland, north & south (d) I don’t know
In what northern county of Ireland is the Laggan area?	(a) ______________________________ (b) I don’t know
How many people speak Ulster Scots?	(a) about 100,000 (b) about 50,000 (c) about 10,000 (d) less than 10,000 (e) I don’t know
Could you recognise someone speaking Ulster Scots?	(a) yes (b) no
If YES, would you recognise that person in particular by	(a) pronunciation (b) vocabulary (c) both of these features
Can you speak Ulster Scots yourself?	(a) yes (b) no
If YES, is this your normal mode of speech?	(a) yes (b) no
Is Ulster Scots sufficiently represented in public life today?	(a) yes (b) no
Do you think that Ulster Scots will survive through the 21st century?	(a) yes (b) no
If it does NOT, is this a cause for	(a) considerable concern (b) reasonable concern (c) mild concern (d) no concern
There are groups of Ulster Scots overseas due to immigration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (diaspora). Can you name any three countries where these can be found?	(1) ____________________ (2) ____________________ (3) ____________________